Natu.Care Omega-3 550 mg: analiza składu, opinie, właściwości

(BIOHAZ), E. (2010). Scientific Opinion on Fish Oil for Human Consumption. Food Hygiene, including Rancidity. EFSA Journal, 8. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1874

7 Things To Know About Omega-3 Fatty Acids. (b.d.). NCCIH. Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/things-to-know-about-omega-fatty-acids

A fish a day, keeps the cardiologist away! – A review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the cardiovascular system—PMC. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712371/

Abd Allah, E. S. H., Gomaa, A. M. S., & Sayed, M. M. (2014). The effect of omega-3 on cognition in hypothyroid adult male rats. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 101(3), 362–376. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.101.2014.3.11

Abdelhamid, A., Hooper, L., Sivakaran, R., Hayhoe, R. P. G., & Welch, A. A. (2019). The Relationship Between Omega-3, Omega-6 and Total Polyunsaturated Fat and Musculoskeletal Health and Functional Status in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of RCTs. Calcified Tissue International, 105(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-019-00584-3

Abdelnour, E., Jansen, M. O., & Gold, J. A. (2022). ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis? Missouri Medicine, 119(5), 467–473.

Abdullah, M., Jowett, B., Whittaker, P. J., & Patterson, L. (2019). The effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation in reducing ADHD associated symptoms in children as measured by the Conners’ rating scales: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 110, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.002

AbuMweis, S., Abu Omran, D., Al-Shami, I., & Jew, S. (2021). The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid as a modulator for the cardio-metabolic effects of omega-3 supplements: A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 57, 102662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102662

Allam-Ndoul, B., Guénard, F., Barbier, O., & Vohl, M.-C. (2017). Effect of different concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids on stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Genes & Nutrition, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12263-017-0554-6

Amjad Khan, W., Chun-Mei, H., Khan, N., Iqbal, A., Lyu, S.-W., & Shah, F. (2017). Bioengineered Plants Can Be a Useful Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. BioMed Research International, 2017, 7348919. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7348919

An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity—PMC. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808858/

Anderson, G. J., Connor, W. E., & Corliss, J. D. (1990). Docosahexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina. Pediatric Research, 27(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199001000-00023

Asbaghi, O., Choghakhori, R., & Abbasnezhad, A. (2019). Effect of Omega-3 and vitamin E co-supplementation on serum lipids concentrations in overweight patients with metabolic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(4), 2525–2531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.001

Association between dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and depression in postmenopausal women—PMC. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8313386/

Austria, J. A., Richard, M. N., Chahine, M. N., Edel, A. L., Malcolmson, L. J., Dupasquier, C. M. C., & Pierce, G. N. (2008). Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719693

Avallone, R., Vitale, G., & Bertolotti, M. (2019). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Evidence in Clinical Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(17), 4256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174256

Backes, J., Anzalone, D., Hilleman, D., & Catini, J. (2016). The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 15(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0286-4

Balanzá-Martínez, V., Fries, G. R., Colpo, G. D., Silveira, P. P., Portella, A. K., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., & Kapczinski, F. (2011). Therapeutic use of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11(7), 1029–1047. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.42

Balbás, G. M., Regaña, M. S., & Millet, P. U. (2011). Study on the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic supplement in treatment of psoriasis. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 4, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S17220

Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., & Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030741

Behboudi-Gandevani, S., Hariri, F.-Z., & Moghaddam-Banaem, L. (2018). The effect of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 39(4), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2017.1348496

Boone, K. M., Klebanoff, M. A., Rogers, L. K., Rausch, J., Coury, D. L., & Keim, S. A. (2022). Effects of Omega-3-6-9 fatty acid supplementation on behavior and sleep in preterm toddlers with autism symptomatology: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Early Human Development, 169, 105588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105588

Bozzatello, P., Brignolo, E., De Grandi, E., & Bellino, S. (2016). Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5080067

Bradberry, J. C., & Hilleman, D. E. (2013). Overview of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapies. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 38(11), 681–691.

Bryhn, M., Hansteen, H., Schanche, T., & Aakre, S. E. (2006). The bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of different concentrations of omega-3 acid ethyl esters. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 75(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.04.003

Calder, P. C. (2010). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes. Nutrients, 2(3), 355–374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2030355

Calder, P. C., Waitzberg, D. L., Klek, S., & Martindale, R. G. (2020). Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition: Biological Aspects. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 44(S1), S21–S27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1756

Callaway, J., Schwab, U., Harvima, I., Halonen, P., Mykkänen, O., Hyvönen, P., & Järvinen, T. (2005). Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 16(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546630510035832

Campoy, C., Escolano-Margarit, M. V., Anjos, T., Szajewska, H., & Uauy, R. (2012). Omega 3 fatty acids on child growth, visual acuity and neurodevelopment. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(S2), S85–S106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512001493

Canhada, S., Castro, K., Perry, I. S., & Luft, V. C. (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids’ supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(8), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1321813

Castro Dos Santos, N. C., Furukawa, M. V., Oliveira-Cardoso, I., Cortelli, J. R., Feres, M., Van Dyke, T., & Rovai, E. S. (2022). Does the use of omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy provide additional benefits in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontal Research, 57(3), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12984

Chae, M., & Park, K. (2021). Association between dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and depression in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research and Practice, 15(4), 468. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2021.15.4.468

Chang, J. P.-C., Su, K.-P., Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(3), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.160

Chauhan, S., Kodali, H., Noor, J., Ramteke, K., & Gawai, V. (2017). Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Lipid Profile in Diabetic Dyslipidaemia: Single Blind, Randomised Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 11(3), OC13–OC16. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/20628.9449

Chen, B., & Dong, S. (2022). Mercury Contamination in Fish and Its Effects on the Health of Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses, and Guidance for Fish Consumption-A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315929

Ciubotaru, I., Lee, Y.-S., & Wander, R. C. (2003). Dietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRT. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 14(9), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00101-3

Coletta, J. M., Bell, S. J., & Roman, A. S. (2010). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Pregnancy. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3(4), 163–171.

Combarros, D., Castilla-Castaño, E., Lecru, L. A., Pressanti, C., Amalric, N., & Cadiergues, M. C. (2020). A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of an n-3 essential fatty acids supplement (Agepi® ω3) on clinical signs, and fatty acid concentrations in the erythrocyte membrane, hair shafts and skin surface of dogs with poor quality coats. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 159, 102140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102140

Conquer, J. A., & Holub, B. J. (1996). Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 126(12), 3032–3039. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.12.3032

Craddock, J. C., Probst, Y. C., Neale, E. P., & Peoples, G. E. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Comparison of the Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profile and Omega-3 Index of Male Vegan and Omnivorous Endurance Athletes. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(3), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1886196

Crupi, R., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2022). Role of EPA in Inflammation: Mechanisms, Effects, and Clinical Relevance. Biomolecules, 12(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12020242

Davidson, M. H., Johnson, J., Rooney, M. W., Kyle, M. L., & Kling, D. F. (2012). A novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: The ECLIPSE (Epanova(®) compared to Lovaza(®) in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 6(6), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2012.01.002

Davidson, M. H., Kling, D., & Maki, K. C. (2011). Novel developments in omega-3 fatty acid-based strategies. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 22(6), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e32834bd642

de Lorgeril, M., & Salen, P. (2012). New insights into the health effects of dietary saturated and omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. BMC Medicine, 10(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-50

de Wilde, M. C., Vellas, B., Girault, E., Yavuz, A. C., & Sijben, J. W. (2017). Lower brain and blood nutrient status in Alzheimer’s disease: Results from meta-analyses. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 3(3), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2017.06.002

Derbyshire, E. (2017). Do Omega-3/6 Fatty Acids Have a Therapeutic Role in Children and Young People with ADHD? Journal of Lipids, 2017, 6285218. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6285218

Desbois, A. P., & Lawlor, K. C. (2013). Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Marine Drugs, 11(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114544

Deutch, B. (1995). Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49(7), 508–516.

Diana, F. M., & Fitria, N. (2022). Association of Omega 3 and Omega 6 and Child Development: A Systematic Review. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria, 42(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.12873/422fivi

Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) and Omega-3 Are Associated With General and Abdominal Obesity in Adults: UK National Diet and Nutritional Survey—[Scite report]. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://scite.ai/reports/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-A3rjvKNe?showReferences=true

Djuricic, I., & Calder, P. C. (2021). Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients, 13(7), 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072421

Downie, L. E., Gad, A., Wong, C. Y., Gray, J. H. V., Zeng, W., Jackson, D. C., & Vingrys, A. J. (2018). Modulating Contact Lens Discomfort With Anti-Inflammatory Approaches: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 59(8), 3755–3766. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-24758

Downie, L. E., & Vingrys, A. J. (2018). Oral Omega-3 Supplementation Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Adults. Translational Vision Science & Technology, 7(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.7.3.1

Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group, Asbell, P. A., Maguire, M. G., Pistilli, M., Ying, G., Szczotka-Flynn, L. B., Hardten, D. R., Lin, M. C., & Shtein, R. M. (2018). N-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 378(18), 1681–1690. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1709691

Dyall, S. C. (2015). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: A review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052

Dyall, S. C., & Michael-Titus, A. T. (2008). Neurological Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. NeuroMolecular Medicine, 10(4), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8036-z

Dyerberg, J., Madsen, P., Møller, J. M., Aardestrup, I., & Schmidt, E. B. (2010). Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 83(3), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.007

Ebrahimi, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Rezaiean, S., Hoseini, M., Parizade, S. M. R., Farhoudi, F., Hosseininezhad, S. J., Tavallaei, S., Vejdani, A., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Shakeri, M. T., Rad, M. A., Mobarra, N., Kazemi-Bajestani, S. M. R., & Ferns, G. A. A. (2009). Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiologica, 64(3), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.2143/AC.64.3.2038016

Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular disease—PubMed. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23329646/

EFSA assesses safety of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids | EFSA. (2012, lipiec 27). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/120727

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2012). Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). EFSA Journal, 10(7), 2815. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815

Elbahnasawy, A. S., Valeeva, E. R., El-Sayed, E. M., & Stepanova, N. V. (2019). Protective effect of dietary oils containing omega-3 fatty acids against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 52(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2019.52.4.323

Eslick, G. D., Howe, P. R. C., Smith, C., Priest, R., & Bensoussan, A. (2009). Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, 136(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.092

Fabian, C. J., Kimler, B. F., & Hursting, S. D. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Research, 17(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0571-6

Fatty Acids—An overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/fatty-acids

Flock, M. R., Harris, W. S., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2013). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: Time to establish a dietary reference intake. Nutrition Reviews, 71(10), 692–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12071

Fortin, P. R., Lew, R. A., Liang, M. H., Wright, E. A., Beckett, L. A., Chalmers, T. C., & Sperling, R. I. (1995). Validation of a meta-analysis: The effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 48(11), 1379–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00028-3

Friday, K. E., Childs, M. T., Tsunehara, C. H., Fujimoto, W. Y., Bierman, E. L., & Ensinck, J. W. (1989). Elevated plasma glucose and lowered triglyceride levels from omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care, 12(4), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.12.4.276

Fritsche, K. L. (2015). The Science of Fatty Acids and Inflammation123. Advances in Nutrition, 6(3), 293S-301S. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006940

Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., Carrera-Bastos, P., Targ, S., Franceschi, C., Ferrucci, L., Gilroy, D. W., Fasano, A., Miller, G. W., Miller, A. H., Mantovani, A., Weyand, C. M., Barzilai, N., Goronzy, J. J., Rando, T. A., Effros, R. B., Lucia, A., Kleinstreuer, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019). Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nature medicine, 25(12), 1822–1832. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0

Ghasemi Fard, S., Wang, F., Sinclair, A. J., Elliott, G., & Turchini, G. M. (2019). How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(11), 1684–1727. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1425978

Goldberg, R. J., & Katz, J. (2007). A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain, 129(1–2), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.020

González, F. E., & Báez, R. V. (2017). IN TIME: IMPORTÂNCIA DOS ÔMEGA 3 NA NUTRIÇÃO INFANTIL. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 35, 03–04. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;1;00018

Greenberg, J. A., Bell, S. J., & Ausdal, W. V. (2008). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1(4), 162–169.

Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Marventano, S., Malaguarnera, M., Bucolo, C., Drago, F., & Caraci, F. (2014). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014, 313570. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/313570

Guesnet, P., & Alessandri, J.-M. (2011). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the developing central nervous system (CNS)—Implications for dietary recommendations. Biochimie, 93(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.005

Guo, Y., Ma, B., Li, X., Hui, H., Zhou, Y., Li, N., & Xie, X. (2022). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids can Reduce IL-6 and TNF Levels in Patients with Cancer. The British Journal of Nutrition, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522000575

Gupta, R., Lakshmy, R., Abraham, R. A., Reddy, K. S., Jeemon, P., & Prabhakaran, D. (2013). Serum Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio and Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in an Industrial Population of Delhi. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 4(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.49A1015

GUS. (b.d.-a). Statystyka zgonów i umieralności z powodu chorób układu krążenia. stat.gov.pl. Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/statystyka-zgonow-i-umieralnosci-z-powodu-chorob-ukladu-krazenia,22,1.html

GUS. (b.d.-b). Umieralność w 2021 roku. Zgony według przyczyn—Dane wstępne. stat.gov.pl. Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/statystyka-przyczyn-zgonow/umieralnosc-w-2021-roku-zgony-wedlug-przyczyn-dane-wstepne,10,3.html

Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D., & Drevon, C. A. (2003). Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics, 111(1), e39-44. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.1.e39

Hidaka, B. H., Li, S., Harvey, K. E., Carlson, S. E., Sullivan, D. K., Kimler, B. F., Zalles, C. M., & Fabian, C. J. (2015). Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Blood and Breast Tissue of High-Risk Women and Association with Atypical Cytomorphology. Cancer Prevention Research, 8(5), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0351

Horrocks, L. A., & Yeo, Y. K. (1999). Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacological Research, 40(3), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0495

Innes, J. K., & Calder, P. C. (2018). Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 132, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004

Innis, S. M. (2008). Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and the developing brain. Brain Research, 1237, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.078

Jerosch, J. (2011). Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate on Cartilage Metabolism in OA: Outlook on Other Nutrient Partners Especially Omega-3 Fatty Acids. International Journal of Rheumatology, 2011, e969012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/969012

Jiang, H., Shi, X., Fan, Y., Wang, D., Li, B., Zhou, J., Pei, C., & Ma, L. (2021). Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish intake and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 40(12), 5662–5673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.10.005

Johnson, M. (2014). Omega-3, Omega-6 and Omega-9 Fatty Acids: Implications for Cardiovascular and Other Diseases. Journal of Glycomics & Lipidomics, 04(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0637.1000123

Kangari, H., Eftekhari, M. H., Sardari, S., Hashemi, H., Salamzadeh, J., Ghassemi-Broumand, M., & Khabazkhoob, M. (2013). Short-term consumption of oral omega-3 and dry eye syndrome. Ophthalmology, 120(11), 2191–2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.04.006

Karcz, K., Królak-Olejnik, B., & Paluszyńska, D. (2019). [Vegetarian diet in pregnancy and lactation—Safety and rules of balancing meal plan in the aspect of optimal fetal and infant development]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski: Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 46(271), 45–50.

Kavyani, Z., Musazadeh, V., Fathi, S., Hossein Faghfouri, A., Dehghan, P., & Sarmadi, B. (2022). Efficacy of the omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: An umbrella meta-analysis. International Immunopharmacology, 111, 109104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109104

Kawamura, A., Ooyama, K., Kojima, K., Kachi, H., Abe, T., Amano, K., & Aoyama, T. (2011). Dietary supplementation of gamma-linolenic acid improves skin parameters in subjects with dry skin and mild atopic dermatitis. Journal of Oleo Science, 60(12), 597–607. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.60.597

Kendall, A. C., Kiezel-Tsugunova, M., Brownbridge, L. C., Harwood, J. L., & Nicolaou, A. (2017). Lipid functions in skin: Differential effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cutaneous ceramides, in a human skin organ culture model. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1859(9, Part B), 1679–1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.016

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617

Khalili, L., Valdes-Ramos, R., & Harbige, L. S. (2021). Effect of n-3 (Omega-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Body Weight in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Metabolites, 11(11), 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110742

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2011). Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: A randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(8), 1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.229

Kim, H. (2011). Glutamine as an immunonutrient. Yonsei Medical Journal, 52(6), 892–897. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.892

Kruger, M. C., Coetzer, H., de Winter, R., Gericke, G., & van Papendorp, D. H. (1998). Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milan, Italy), 10(5), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03339885

Krupa, K., Fritz, K., & Parmar, M. (2023). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. W StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564314/

Kucukgoncu, S., Zhou, E., Lucas, K. B., & Tek, C. (2017). Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: Results from a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 18(5), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12528

Lane, K. E., Wilson, M., Hellon, T. G., & Davies, I. G. (2022). Bioavailability and conversion of plant based sources of omega-3 fatty acids – a scoping review to update supplementation options for vegetarians and vegans. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(18), 4982–4997. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1880364

Lavialle, M., Champeil-Potokar, G., Alessandri, J. M., Balasse, L., Guesnet, P., Papillon, C., Pévet, P., Vancassel, S., Vivien-Roels, B., & Denis, I. (2008). An (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid-deficient diet disturbs daily locomotor activity, melatonin rhythm, and striatal dopamine in Syrian hamsters. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(9), 1719–1724. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.9.1719

Lawson, L. D., & Hughes, B. G. (1988). Absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil triacylglycerols or fish oil ethyl esters co-ingested with a high-fat meal. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 156(2), 960–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80937-9

Le Floc’h, C., Cheniti, A., Connétable, S., Piccardi, N., Vincenzi, C., & Tosti, A. (2015). Effect of a nutritional supplement on hair loss in women. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12127

Leaf, A. (2008). Historical overview of n-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(6), 1978S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1978S

Levant, B. (2011). N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids in Postpartum Depression: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. Depression Research and Treatment, 2011, 467349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/467349

Li, J., Xun, P., Zamora, D., Sood, A., Liu, K., Daviglus, M., Iribarren, C., Jacobs, D., Shikany, J. M., & He, K. (2013). Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n−3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: The CARDIA study123. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(1), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.041145

Li, L., & Leung, P. S. (2017). Chapter 13—Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatitis, and Oxidative Stress. W J. Gracia-Sancho & J. Salvadó (Red.), Gastrointestinal Tissue (s. 173–186). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805377-5.00012-6

Liao, Y., Xie, B., Zhang, H., He, Q., Guo, L., Subramanieapillai, M., Fan, B., Lu, C., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019). Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 9, 190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5

Linday, L. A. (2010). Cod Liver Oil, Young Children, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 29(6), 559–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719894

Liu, G., Liu, J., Pian, L., Gui, S., & Lu, B. (2019). α-lipoic acid protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis through the suppression of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and autophagy. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19(2), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9719

Löfvenborg, J. E., Andersson, T., Carlsson, P.-O., Dorkhan, M., Groop, L., Martinell, M., Tuomi, T., Wolk, A., & Carlsson, S. (2014). Fatty fish consumption and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Nutrition & Diabetes, 4(10), e139. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2014.36

Lordan, S., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C. (2011). Marine Bioactives as Functional Food Ingredients: Potential to Reduce the Incidence of Chronic Diseases. Marine Drugs, 9(6), 1056–1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9061056

Mano, Y., Kato, A., Fukuda, N., Yamada, K., & Yanagimoto, K. (2022). Influence of Ingestion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil on Oxidative Stress at the Menstrual Phase: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial. Women’s Health Reports, 3(1), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2022.0003

Marine Oils. (2006). W Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501898/

Mark, B. J., Beaty, A. D., & Slavin, R. G. (2008). Are fish oil supplements safe in finned fish-allergic patients? Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 29(5), 528–529. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2008.29.3159

Marklund, M., Wu, J. H. Y., Imamura, F., Del Gobbo, L. C., Fretts, A., de Goede, J., Shi, P., Tintle, N., Wennberg, M., Aslibekyan, S., Chen, T.-A., de Oliveira Otto, M. C., Hirakawa, Y., Eriksen, H. H., Kröger, J., Laguzzi, F., Lankinen, M., Murphy, R. A., Prem, K., … null, null. (2019). Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. Circulation, 139(21), 2422–2436. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038908

Martins, J. G. (2009). EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 28(5), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2009.10719785

McNamara, R. K. (2016). Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Depression: Current Status and Future Directions. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 5, 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2016.04.004

Merle, B., Delyfer, M.-N., Korobelnik, J.-F., Rougier, M.-B., Colin, J., Malet, F., Féart, C., Le Goff, M., Dartigues, J.-F., Barberger-Gateau, P., & Delcourt, C. (2011). Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk for Age-Related Maculopathy: The Alienor Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(8), 6004–6011. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7254

Merle, B. M. J., Benlian, P., Puche, N., Bassols, A., Delcourt, C., Souied, E. H., & Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 Study Group. (2014). Circulating omega-3 Fatty acids and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(3), 2010–2019. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-13916

Mischoulon, D., & Freeman, M. P. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.12.002

Miura, K., Vail, A., Chambers, D., Hopkins, P. M., Ferguson, L., Grant, M., Rhodes, L. E., & Green, A. C. (2019). Omega-3 fatty acid supplement skin cancer prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients: A randomized, controlled pilot trial. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 38(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2018.09.009

Moghadamnia, A. A., Mirhosseini, N., Abadi, M. H., Omranirad, A., & Omidvar, S. (2010). Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit, 16(4), 408–413.

Mohajeri, M. H., Troesch, B., & Weber, P. (2015). Inadequate supply of vitamins and DHA in the elderly: Implications for brain aging and Alzheimer-type dementia. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 31(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.016

Montgomery, P., Burton, J. R., Sewell, R. P., Spreckelsen, T. F., & Richardson, A. J. (2014). Fatty acids and sleep in UK children: Subjective and pilot objective sleep results from the DOLAB study--a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(4), 364–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12135

Mori, T. A. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology and effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Food & Function, 5(9), 2004–2019. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FO00393D

Morris, M. C., Sacks, F., & Rosner, B. (1993). Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation, 88(2), 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.88.2.523

Naini, A. E., Keyvandarian, N., Mortazavi, M., Taheri, S., & Hosseini, S. M. (2015). Effect of Omega-3 fatty acids on blood pressure and serum lipids in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice, 4(3), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042X.162356

Nelson, J. R., Wani, O., May, H. T., & Budoff, M. (2017). Potential benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid on atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular Pharmacology, 91, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.004

Neubronner, J., Schuchardt, J. P., Kressel, G., Merkel, M., von Schacky, C., & Hahn, A. (2011). Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation from triacylglycerides versus ethyl esters. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.239

Neukam, K., De Spirt, S., Stahl, W., Bejot, M., Maurette, J.-M., Tronnier, H., & Heinrich, U. (2011). Supplementation of flaxseed oil diminishes skin sensitivity and improves skin barrier function and condition. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 24(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321442

Nevins, J. E. H., Donovan, S. M., Snetselaar, L., Dewey, K. G., Novotny, R., Stang, J., Taveras, E. M., Kleinman, R. E., Bailey, R. L., Raghavan, R., Scinto-Madonich, S. R., Venkatramanan, S., Butera, G., Terry, N., Altman, J., Adler, M., Obbagy, J. E., Stoody, E. E., & de Jesus, J. (2021). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Dietary Supplements Consumed During Pregnancy and Lactation and Child Neurodevelopment: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(11), 3483–3494. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab238

Nutrition, C. for F. S. and A. (2020). FDA Announces New Qualified Health Claims for EPA and DHA Omega-3 Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-announces-new-qualified-health-claims-epa-and-dha-omega-3-consumption-and-risk-hypertension-and

Ocena narażenia konsumentów ryb na szkodliwe działanie zanieczyszczeń – Morski Instytut Rybacki – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy. (b.d.). Pobrano 1 październik 2023, z https://mir.gdynia.pl/ocena-narazenia-konsumentow-ryb-na-szkodliwe-dzialanie-zanieczyszczen/

Ochi, E., & Tsuchiya, Y. (2018). Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function. Nutrients, 10(5), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050552

Oelrich, B., Dewell, A., & Gardner, C. D. (2013). Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD, 23(4), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2011.06.003

Office of Dietary Supplements—Omega-3 Fatty Acids. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad, z https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-Consumer/

Oliveira, J. M., & Rondó, P. H. C. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Clinical Trials, 12(5), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1310/hct1205-268

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Depression: Scientific Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2014/313570/

Omega-3 fatty acids’ supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review—PubMed. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28466678/

Omega-3-6-9 Fatty Acids: A Complete Overview. (2020, październik 5). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/omega-3-6-9-overview

Osendarp, S. J. (2011). The role of omega-3 fatty acids in child development. Oléagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides, 18(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0417

Pahwa, R., Goyal, A., & Jialal, I. (2022). Chronic Inflammation. W StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/

Panahi, Y., Darvishi, B., Jowzi, N., Beiraghdar, F., & Sahebkar, A. (2016). Chlorella vulgaris: A Multifunctional Dietary Supplement with Diverse Medicinal Properties. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151112145226

Parke, M. A., Perez-Sanchez, A., Zamil, D. H., & Katta, R. (2021). Diet and Skin Barrier: The Role of Dietary Interventions on Skin Barrier Function. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual, 11(1), e2021132. https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.1101a132

Passi, S., Cataudella, S., Di Marco, P., De Simone, F., & Rastrelli, L. (2002). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant levels in muscle tissue of different Mediterranean marine species of fish and shellfish. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(25), 7314–7322. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020451y

Patterson, E., Wall, R., Fitzgerald, G. F., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C. (2012). Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012, 539426. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/539426

Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10), 3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103198

Pei-Chen Chang, J. (2021). Personalised medicine in child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Focus on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ADHD. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 16, 100310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100310

Perera, H., Jeewandara, K. C., Seneviratne, S., & Guruge, C. (2012). Combined ω3 and ω6 supplementation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refractory to methylphenidate treatment: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child Neurology, 27(6), 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811435243

Peuhkuri, K., Sihvola, N., & Korpela, R. (2012). Dietary factors and fluctuating levels of melatonin. Food & Nutrition Research, 56, 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.17252. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v56i0.17252

Raeder, M. B., Steen, V. M., Vollset, S. E., & Bjelland, I. (2007). Associations between cod liver oil use and symptoms of depression: The Hordaland Health Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 101(1), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.11.006

Rahul Bhargava, P. K., & Rahul Bhargava, P. K. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 6(6), 811–816. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.13

Rajaei, E., Mowla, K., Ghorbani, A., Bahadoram, S., Bahadoram, M., & Dargahi-Malamir, M. (2015). The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving DMARDs Therapy: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p18

Ramel, A., Martinez, J. A., Kiely, M., Bandarra, N. M., & Thorsdottir, I. (2010). Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 26(2), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.002

Rejestr publiczny. (b.d.). Pobrano 22 wrzesień 2023, z https://powiadomienia.gis.gov.pl/

Roach, L. A., Byrne, M. K., Howard, S. J., Johnstone, S. J., Batterham, M., Wright, I. M. R., Okely, A. D., de Groot, R. H. M., van der Wurff, I. S. M., Jones, A. L., & Meyer, B. J. (2021). Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation on Self-Regulation in Typically Developing Preschool-Aged Children: Results of the Omega Kid Pilot Study—A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103561

Rodriguez-Leyva, D., Bassett, C. M., McCullough, R., & Pierce, G. N. (2010). The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 26(9), 489–496.

Ross, B. M. (2007). Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in major depressive disorder is caused by the interaction between diet and a genetically determined abnormality in phospholipid metabolism. Medical Hypotheses, 68(3), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.054

Rossmeisl, M., Pavlisova, J., Bardova, K., Kalendova, V., Buresova, J., Kuda, O., Kroupova, P., Stankova, B., Tvrzicka, E., Fiserova, E., Horakova, O., & Kopecky, J. (2020). Increased plasma levels of palmitoleic acid may contribute to beneficial effects of Krill oil on glucose homeostasis in dietary obese mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(8), 158732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158732

Sadeghi, N., Paknezhad, F., Rashidi Nooshabadi, M., Kavianpour, M., Jafari Rad, S., & Khadem Haghighian, H. (2018). Vitamin E and fish oil, separately or in combination, on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Gynecological Endocrinology, 34(9), 804–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1450377

SanGiovanni, J. P., & Chew, E. Y. (2005). The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 24(1), 87–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002

Santos, H. O., May, T. L., & Bueno, A. A. (2023). Eating more sardines instead of fish oil supplementation: Beyond omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a matrix of nutrients with cardiovascular benefits. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1107475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1107475

Santos, H. O., Price, J. C., & Bueno, A. A. (2020). Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers—An Overview. Nutrients, 12(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103159

Sarkkinen, E. S., Savolainen, M. J., Taurio, J., Marvola, T., & Bruheim, I. (2018). Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on safety and tolerability of the krill powder product in overweight subjects with moderately elevated blood pressure. Lipids in Health and Disease, 17(1), 287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0935-x

Saunders, A. V., Davis, B. C., & Garg, M. L. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. The Medical Journal of Australia, 199(S4), S22-26. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja11.11507

Sawada, Y., Saito-Sasaki, N., & Nakamura, M. (2021). Omega 3 Fatty Acid and Skin Diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 623052. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.623052

Schmidt, E. B., & Dyerberg, J. (1994). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Drugs, 47(3), 405–424. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199447030-00003

Schuchardt, J. P., & Hahn, A. (2013). Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 89(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.010

Schuchardt, J. P., Huss, M., Stauss-Grabo, M., & Hahn, A. (2010). Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. European Journal of Pediatrics, 169(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-009-1035-8

Scorletti, E., & Byrne, C. D. (2013). Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Annual Review of Nutrition, 33(1), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230

Sergeant, S., Rahbar, E., & Chilton, F. H. (2016). Gamma-linolenic acid, Dihommo-gamma linolenic, Eicosanoids and Inflammatory Processes. European journal of pharmacology, 785, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020

Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2018). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Health Benefits. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 9(1), 345–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850

Sherzai, D., Moness, R., Sherzai, S., & Sherzai, A. (2023). A Systematic Review of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Cognitive Outcomes in Neurodevelopment. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 17(5), 649–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276221116052

Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6

Simopoulos, A. P. (2008). The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 233(6), 674–688. https://doi.org/10.3181/0711-MR-311

Simopoulos, A. P. (2009). Evolutionary Aspects of the Dietary Omega–6:Omega–3 Fatty Acid Ratio: Medical Implications. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235706

Simopoulos, A. P. (2016). An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients, 8(3), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030128

Simopoulos, A. P. (2020). Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids: Endocannabinoids, genetics and obesity. Ocl, 27. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019046

Simopoulos, A. P. (2021). Genetic Variation, Diet, Inflammation, and the Risk for COVID-19. Lifestyle Genomics, 14(2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513886

Singh, R. B., Dubnov, G., Niaz, M. A., Ghosh, S., Singh, R., Rastogi, S. S., Manor, O., Pella, D., & Berry, E. M. (2002). Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): A randomised single-blind trial. Lancet (London, England), 360(9344), 1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11472-3

Siscovick, D. S., Barringer, T. A., Fretts, A. M., Wu, J. H. Y., Lichtenstein, A. H., Costello, R. B., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Jacobson, T. A., Engler, M. B., Alger, H. M., Appel, L. J., Mozaffarian, D., & American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology. (2017). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 135(15), e867–e884. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482

Smith, W., McMahon, D., & Nymark, M. (2018). A Novel Combination Therapy for Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 24(3), 12–15.

Spite, M. (2013). Deciphering the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived lipid mediators in health and disease. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 72(4), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665113003030

Stark, A. H., Crawford, M. A., & Reifen, R. (2008). Update on alpha-linolenic acid. Nutrition Reviews, 66(6), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00040.x

Stevens, L. J., Zentall, S. S., Deck, J. L., Abate, M. L., Watkins, B. A., Lipp, S. R., & Burgess, J. R. (1995). Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62(4), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.4.761

Strickland, A. D. (2014). Prevention of cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 82(5), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.003

Su, K.-P., Tseng, P.-T., Lin, P.-Y., Okubo, R., Chen, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-W., & Matsuoka, Y. J. (2018). Association of Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Changes in Severity of Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 1(5). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2327

Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., & Mann, J. J. (2011). Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(12), 1577–1584. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06634

Surette, M. E. (2008). The science behind dietary omega-3 fatty acids. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(2), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071356

Swanson, D., Block, R., & Mousa, S. A. (2012). Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA: Health Benefits Throughout Life. Advances in Nutrition, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000893

Tai, E. K. K., Wang, X. B., & Chen, Z.-Y. (2013). An update on adding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to baby formula. Food & Function, 4(12), 1767–1775. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60298b

Tanaka, K., Farooqui, A. A., Siddiqi, N. J., Alhomida, A. S., & Ong, W.-Y. (2012). Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Neurotransmission. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 20(2), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.2.152

Tanghetti, E. A. (2013). The Role of Inflammation in the Pathology of Acne. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 6(9), 27–35.

Taslima, K., Al-Emran, M., Rahman, M. S., Hasan, J., Ferdous, Z., Rohani, M. F., & Shahjahan, M. (2022). Impacts of heavy metals on early development, growth and reproduction of fish—A review. Toxicology Reports, 9, 858–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.013

The top 10 causes of death. (b.d.). Pobrano 27 listopad 2023, z https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Theodoratou, E., McNeill, G., Cetnarskyj, R., Farrington, S. M., Tenesa, A., Barnetson, R., Porteous, M., Dunlop, M., & Campbell, H. (2007). Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: A case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm063

Thomsen, B. J., Chow, E. Y., & Sapijaszko, M. J. (2020). The Potential Uses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Dermatology: A Review. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 24(5), 481–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475420929925

Thielecke, F., & Blannin, A. (2020). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance—Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12(12), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123712

Tipton, K. D. (2015). Nutritional Support for Exercise-Induced Injuries. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z.), 45, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0398-4

Tortosa-Caparrós, E., Navas-Carrillo, D., Marín, F., & Orenes-Piñero, E. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(16), 3421–3429. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1126549

Tsitouras, P. D., Gucciardo, F., Salbe, A. D., Heward, C., & Harman, S. M. (2008). High Omega-3 Fat Intake Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Reduces CRP and IL6, but does not Affect Other Endocrine Axes in Healthy Older Adults. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 40(03), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1046759

Vandal, M., Freemantle, E., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Plourde, M., Fortier, M., Bruneau, J., Gagnon, J., Bégin, M., & Cunnane, S. C. (2008). Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acid Response to a Fish Oil Supplement in the Healthy Elderly. Lipids, 43(11), 1085–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-008-3232-z

Vannice, G., & Rasmussen, H. (2014). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(1), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.001

Vermel’, A. E. (2005). [Clinical application of omega-3-fatty acids (cod-liver oil)]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina, 83(10), 51–57.

Visioli, F., Risé, P., Barassi, M. C., Marangoni, F., & Galli, C. (2003). Dietary intake of fish vs. Formulations leads to higher plasma concentrations of n-3 fatty acids. Lipids, 38(4), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-003-1077-x

von Schacky, C. (2006). A review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levels. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 2(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.251

von Schacky, C. (2014). Omega-3 index and cardiovascular health. Nutrients, 6(2), 799–814. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020799

Walker, R. E., Jackson, K. H., Tintle, N. L., Shearer, G. C., Bernasconi, A., Masson, S., Latini, R., Heydari, B., Kwong, R. Y., Flock, M., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hedengran, A., Carney, R. M., Skulas-Ray, A., Gidding, S. S., Dewell, A., Gardner, C. D., Grenon, S. M., Sarter, B., … Harris, W. S. (2019). Predicting the effects of supplemental EPA and DHA on the omega-3 index. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(4), 1034–1040. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz161

Wang, C., Harris, W. S., Chung, M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Balk, E. M., Kupelnick, B., Jordan, H. S., & Lau, J. (2006). n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: A systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.5

Wani, A. L., Bhat, S. A., & Ara, A. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids and the treatment of depression: A review of scientific evidence. Integrative Medicine Research, 4(3), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2015.07.003

Watanabe, F., Yabuta, Y., Bito, T., & Teng, F. (2014). Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians. Nutrients, 6(5), 1861–1873. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6051861

Wells, M. L., Potin, P., Craigie, J. S., Raven, J. A., Merchant, S. S., Helliwell, K. E., Smith, A. G., Camire, M. E., & Brawley, S. H. (2017). Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: Revisiting our understanding. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(2), 949–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0974-5

Why not flaxseed oil? (2006, październik 1). Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/why-not-flaxseed-oil

Wooten, J. S., Biggerstaff, K. D., & Ben-Ezra, V. (2009). Responses of LDL and HDL particle size and distribution to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and aerobic exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(3), 794–800. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91062.2008

Woźniak, D., Przysławski, J., Banaszak, M., & Drzymała-Czyż, S. (2022). Dietary Supplements among Children Ages 0-3 Years in Poland-Are They Necessary? Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010016

Xie, D., Jackson, E. N., & Zhu, Q. (2015). Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: From fundamental research to commercial production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(4), 1599–1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6318-y

Yashodhara, B. M., Umakanth, S., Pappachan, J. M., Bhat, S. K., Kamath, R., & Choo, B. H. (2009). Omega-3 fatty acids: A comprehensive review of their role in health and disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 85(1000), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2008.073338

Yelland, L. N., Gajewski, B. J., Colombo, J., Gibson, R. A., Makrides, M., & Carlson, S. E. (2016). Predicting the effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation to reduce early preterm birth in Australia and the United States using results of within country randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 112, 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.007

Zafari, M., Behmanesh, F., & Agha Mohammadi, A. (2011). Comparison of the effect of fish oil and ibuprofen on treatment of severe pain in primary dysmenorrhea. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 2(3), 279–282.

Zaouali-Ajina, M., Gharib, A., Durand, G., Gazzah, N., Claustrat, B., Gharib, C., & Sarda, N. (1999). Dietary docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids normalize urinary melatonin excretion in adult (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid-deficient rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(11), 2074–2080. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.11.2074

Zhang, A. C., Singh, S., Craig, J. P., & Downie, L. E. (2020). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Eye Health: Opinions and Self-Reported Practice Behaviors of Optometrists in Australia and New Zealand. Nutrients, 12(4), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041179